THE EFFECT OF GAMBIER EXTRACTS (Uncaria gambir [Roxb.]) AS ANTISEPTIC ON GINGIVAL WOUND IN RATS

Siti Rusdiana Puspa Dewi*  -  Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
Anna Pratiwi  -  University of Sriwijaya Inderalaya, Indonesia
Teodorus Teodorus  -  University of Sriwijaya Inderalaya, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.30659/odj.5.1.%p
Background: The main principle in treatment of wounds is infection control by using antiseptic. Gambier (Uncaria gambir [Roxb.]) containing catechins and tannins reported that has an antiseptic effect. This aim of this study was to determine the effect of gambier extract as antiseptic on gingival wound in rats.
Methods: In vivo study, used pretest-posttest only control group design had been conducted in Animal house, Medical Faculty of Sriwijaya University and Province’s Health Laboratory in Palembang. There were 30 white Wistar rats divided into fve groups. Group 1 was given 10% povidone-iodine ointment (positive control), group 2 was given a placebo ointment (negative control), group 3, 4, and 5 were given an ointment with 10%, 15%, and 20% gambier extracts. Gingival labial wound of the mandible was induced with cylinder diamond bur, then swabbed before and after treatment. Gingival swab samples were cultured in agar medium and incubated for 24 hours. The number of bacterial colonies from all groups were counted by colony counter. The statistical analysis was used IBM SPSS statistics version 22,0.
Result: The result showed that the number of bacterial colonies from all groups decreased signifcantly after treatment, except for negative control. The higher concentration of gambier extract led the better effect of antiseptic.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that gambier extract has antiseptic effect of gingival wound in rats.

Keywords: antiseptic, bacteria, gambier

  1. Smith PC, Caceres M, Martinez C, Oyarzun A, Martinez J. Gingival wound healing. J Dent Res. 2015;94(3):395-402
  2. Meenawat A, Verma SC, Govila V, Srivastava V, Punn K. Histological and clinical evaluation of gingival healing following gingivectomy using different treatment modalities. J Int Clin Dent Res Organ. 2013;5(1):31-5
  3. Padbury A, Eber R, Wang HL. Interaction between the gingival and the margin of restorations. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30:379-85
  4. Bhattacharya R, Xu F, Dong G, Li S, Tian C, Ponugoti B, Graves DT. Effect of Bacteria on the Wound Healing Behavior of Oral Epithelial Cells. Plos one 2014;9(2):1-10
  5. Coban YK. Infection control in severely burned patients. World J Crit Care Med. 2012; 1(4):94-101.
  6. Lopez L, Robert B, Charles S, Phillip W. Topical antimicrobial therapy in the prevention of early childhood caries: a follow-up report. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2002;24(3):204-6.
  7. Maryam S, Amin, Rossamund L, Harrison, Tonya S, Benton. Effect of povidone iodine on Streptococcus mutans in Children with Extensive Dental Caries. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2004;26(1):5-10
  8. Fauza. Gambier: Indonesia leading commodities in the Past. Int J Adv Sci Eng Info Tech. 2014;4(6):68-73.
  9. Sagala JF, Hartono R, Azhar I. The functionality of gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb) in Pergettteng Getteng Sengkut district, Pakpak Bharat regency, Povince of North Sumatera, Indonesia. Peromena Forestry Science Journal 2015;4(3):1-7
  10. Anggraini T, Tai A, Yoshino T, Itani T. Antioxidative activity and catechin content of four kinds of Uncaria gambir extracts from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Afr J Biochem Res. 2011;5(1):33-8.
  11. Patil SH, Deshmukh PV, Sreenivas SA, Sankeertana V, Rekha V, Anjaiah B. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2012 Dec; 4(4): 234-8.
  12. Heitzman ME, Neto CC, Winiarz E, Vaisberg AJ, Hammond GB. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Uncaria (Rubiaceae). Phytochemistry 2005;66:5-29.
  13. Rosada SD, Dewi SRP, Ardita I. Antibacterial effect of gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb) to bacterial colonies in male Wistar strain rats. In : Muryani A, Prisinda D, Kartikadewi N, Kurnia AA, Rahmadina FV. Proceeding of the FDI-PDGI Continuing Education: Good oral health for brighter smile; 2016 Nov 11-12. Bandung: LSKI; 2017. p. 143-50.
  14. Merta IW, Nudija IN, Marwati NM. The effect of gambier extract in Staphylococcus aureus growth, in vitro. Jurnal Skala Husada. 2013;10(1):39-43
  15. Pambayun R, Murdijati G, Slamet S, Kuswanto RK. Phenolic content and antibacterial properties of various extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb). Indonesian J Pharm. 2007;18(3):141-6
  16. Katu H, Sumintarti, Mattulada IK, Samad R, Hatta M, Asad S. Inhibitory concentration and minimun contact time gambier extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb) againts bacterial growth Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Sci: Basic Appl Res. 2016; 27(3): 239-46.
  17. Ferdinal N. A simple purification method of catechin from gambier. Int J Adv Sci Eng Info Tech. 2014;4(6):53-5
  18. Taniguchi S, Kuroda K, Doi K, Inada K, Yoshikado N, Yoneda T, et al. Evaluation of gambir quality based on quantitative analysis of polyphenolic constituents. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Aug; 127(8): 1291-300
  19. Gopal J, Muthu M, Paul D, Kim DH, Chun S. Bactericidal activity of green tea extracts: the importance of catechin containing nano particles. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1971
  20. Magdalena NV, Kusnadi J. Antibacterial from Gambier leaves crude extract (Uncaria gambir var Cubadak) microwave-assisted extraction method againts bacterial pathogens. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri 2015;3(1):124-35.
  21. Bai L, Takagi S, Ando T, Yoneyama H, Ito K, Mizugai H, Isogai E. Antimicrobial activity of tea catecgin againts canine oral bacteria and the functional mechanisms. J Vet Med Sci. 2016;78(9):1439-45.
  22. Rai S, Yadav UN, Pant ND, Yakha JK, Tripathi PP, Poudel A, Lekhak B. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from pus/wound swab samples from children attending a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Microbiol. 2017;2017:2529085
  23. Dennis S. Invasive group a streptococal infections. Infectious disease in clinical practice 2002;11(1):16-22
  24. Nair AB, Jacob S. A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2016;7(2):27-31
  25. Agoes W. Pengembangan sediaan farmasi. 2 ed. Bandung: ITB publisher; 2008
  26. Suhery WN, Husni DN. Effect of cream base types on the antioxidant activity of the cream preparation of rice bran extract. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical. Sciences 2017; 8(1):255-64.
  27. Voravuthikunchai SP, Mitchell H. Inhibitory and killing activities of medicinal plants againts multiple antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori. J Health Sci. 2008; 54(1): 81-8
  28. Melia S, Novia D, Juliyarsi I. Antioxidant and andtimicrobial activities of gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) extracts and their application in Rendang. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2015;14(12):938-41
  29. Dewi SRP, Kamaluddin MT, Theodorus, Pambayun R. Anticariogenic effect of gambier (Uncaria gambir [Roxb].) extract on enamel tooth surface exposed by Streptococcus mutans. IJHSR. 2016;6(8):171-9
  30. Nanasombat S, Bubpasawan T, Tamaput N, Srimakhan Y. Antimicrobial activity of Thai medicinal plants against beverage spoilage microorganisms and their potential in retarding Alzheimer’s disease progression. Pharmacognosy Comm. 2014;4(3):77-88
  31. Kassim MJ, Hussin MH, Achmad A, Dahon NH, Suan TK, Hamdan HS. Determination of total phenol, condensed tannin and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Uncaria gambir extracts. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia. 2011;22:50–9.
  32. Hayek SA, Gyawali R, Ibrahim SA. Antimicrobial natural products. Formatex. 2013:910-1
  33. Teodoro GR, Ellepola K, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY. Potential use of phenolic acid as anti candida agents: a review. Frontiers in Microbiol. 2015;6:1-11
  34. Godstime O, Felix E, Augustina J, Christopher E. Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens – a review. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2014; 2(2):77-85.
  35. Akiyama H, Fujii K, Yama saki O, Oono T, Iwatsuki K. Antibacterial actions of several tannins againts Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicribial. Chem. 2001;48:487-91
  36. Doss A, Mubarack MH, Dhanabalan R. Antibacterial activity of tannins from leaves of Solanum trilobatum Linn. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2009; 2(2): 41-3
  37. Tomiyama K, Mukai Y, Saito M, Watanabe K, Kumada H, Nihei T, et al. Antibacterial Action of a Condensed Tannin Extracted from Astringent Persimmon as a Component of Food Addictive Pancil PS-M on Oral Polymicrobial Biofilms. Biomed Research Int. 2016:1-7
  38. Choi O, Yahiro K, Morinaga N, Miyazaki M, Noda M. Inhibitory effects of various plant polyphenols on the toxicity of staphylococcal-toxin. Microb Pathog. 2007;42:215–24.
  39. Mierziak J, Kostyn K, Kulma A. Flavonoids as important molecules of plant interaction with the environment. Molecules. 2014;19:16240-65
  40. Wu T, Zang X, He M, Pan, S, Xu X. Structure activity relationship of flavonoids on their anti-eschericia coli activity and inhibition of DNA gyrase. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(34):8185-90
  41. Cushie TTP, Lamb AJ. Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrobiol. Agents. 2011;38:99-107
  42. El-Tarras AAE, Hassan MM, El-Awady MAM. Evaluation of the genetic effects of the in vitro antimicrobial activities of Rhazyastricta leaf extract using molecular techniques and scanning electron microscope. Afr J Biotech, 2013;12(21):3171-80
  43. Krishnan R, Murugan K. Bactericidal potentiality of flavonoids extracted from cell suspension cultures of Marchantia linearis Lehm & Lindenb. Int J Pharm. 2016;6(2):100-12
  44. Andarsutyani, Purwanto YA, Budiastra IW, Syamsu. Non destructive and rapid analysis of catechin content in gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) using spectroscopy. Int K Sci Eng Res. 2013;4(9):383-9.
  45. Tsuciya H. Membrane interactions of phytochemicals as their molecular mechanism applicable to the discovery of drug leads from plants. Molecules 2015;20:18923-66.
  46. Bigliardi PL, Alsagoff SAL, El-Kafrawi HY, Pyon JK, Wa CT, Villa MA. Povidone iodine in wound healing: A review of current concepts and practices. International Journal of Surgery 2017;44:260-8
  47. Kanagalingam J, Feliciano R, Hah JH, Labib H, Le TA, Lin JC. Practical use of povidone-iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infection. Int J Clin Prac. 2015;69(11):1247-56

Lisensi Creative Commons
This work is licensed under a Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
Contact us: Odonto Dental Journal: Jl. Raya Kaligawe Km.4, PO BOX 1054/SM Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 50112. Email: odontodentaljournal@unissula.ac.id
apps