The Effect of Drug Users on Periodontal Health : Literature Review

Edi Karyadi  -  Departement of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
Ade Ismail Abdul Kodir*  -  Departement of Periodontic, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.30659/odj.10.0.106-113
Background: Drug trafficking in the world affects the country and spread to all levels of Indonesian society. Methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin are the most commonly abused drugs. Drugs cause a lot of bad effects, including the oral cavity. Results of Health Research on the Impact of Drug Abuse in 2019, as many as 64.1% of them experienced dental problems and 60.1% of oral cavity disorders. The risk of periodontal disease in drug users is higher than non-users. Objective: To determine the effect of the use of methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin and the most influential drug users on the health of periodontal tissues. Methods: Using secondary data obtained through several e-databases, that are Pubmed Central (PMC), SpringerLink, and ResearchGate based on keywords and a predetermined time span. Discussion: Periodontal disease in drug users is related to xerostomia, oral hygiene, and immunosuppression. The high accumulation of calculus and plaque in drug users due to their low awareness of maintaining oral health and impaired motor function that makes it difficult for a person to clean his oral cavity. Comparison of Bleeding on Probing (BOP) and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) values were used as the main variables to show the parameters of periodontal tissue inflammation in each type of drug (methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin). Conclusion: There was an effect of methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin on the health of periodontal tissues including gingivitis and periodontitis. The heroin used by intravenous injection had the most effect on periodontal tissue health compared to methamphetamine and marijuana.

Keywords: Keywords: drug users, methamphetamine, marijuana, heroin, periodontal health

  1. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Anti Narkoba Sedunia 26 Juni 2017. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI. 2017.
  2. Darwis A, Dalimunthe GI, Riadi S. Narkoba, Bahaya dan Cara Mengantisipasinya. Amaliyah J Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2017;1(1):36–45.
  3. UNODC. Drug Use and Health Consequences. Austria : Vienna: United Nations publication; 2020.
  4. BNN. Indonesia Drugs Report Tahun 2020. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian, Data dan Informasi Badan Narkotika Nasional; 2020.
  5. Smit D, Naidoo S. Methamphetamine Abuse: Oral Symptoms and Dental Treatment Needs. South African Dent J. 2016;71(4):150–4.
  6. BNN. Buku Panduan Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Narkoba Sejak Dini. 2012.
  7. Kahla A, Putri N, Zubardiah L. Gambaran Resesi Gingiva Pada Pasien Pengguna Narkoba (Kajian pada Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat) JKGT. 2019;1(2):33–40.
  8. Ye T, Sun D, Dong G, Xu G, Wang L, Du J, et al. The Effect of Methamphetamine Abuse on Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases in an Eastern China city. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(8):1–6.
  9. Nazir M, Al-Ansari A, Al-Khalifa K, Alhareky M, Gaffar B, Almas K. Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance. Sci World J. 2020;1–8.
  10. Riskesdas. Laporan Nasional RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (LPB); 2019.
  11. Teoh L, Moses G, McCullough MJ. Oral Manifestations of Illicit Drug Use. Aust Dent J. 2019;64(3):213–22.
  12. Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR. A Review of The Clinical Pharmacology of Methamphetamine. Addiction. 2009;104(7):1085–99.
  13. Harun F, Dasrul, Sugito, Zuhrawaty, Nazaruddin, Rahmi E. Pengaruh Paparan Asap Ganja (Cannabis sativa) terhadap Patologi Anatomi Testis Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) Strain Wistar. JIMVET. 2017;01(2):226–34.
  14. Borgelt LM, Franson KL, Nussbaum AM, Wang GS. The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33(2):195–209.
  15. Ginting R, Lamria B. Analisis Volume Saliva yang Terstimulasi pada Pecandu Ganja di Pusat Rehabilitasi Insyaf Medan Tahun 2014. Dentika Dent J. 2014;18(2):136–40.
  16. Maloney WJ. Addiction and the Use of Illicit Drug Use-The Oral AndDental Effects. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2018;5(1):4269–71.
  17. Vearrier D, Grundmann O. Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Abuse Potential of Opioids. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(S2):S70–88.
  18. Djamaluddin N, Setiawan B. Periodontal Status of Drug Abuser in Makassar. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(9):26–30.
  19. Brown C, Krishnan S, Hursh K, Yu M, Johnson P, Page K, et al. Dental Disease Prevalence among Methamphetamine and Heroin Users in an Urban Setting: A Pilot Study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143(9):992–1001.
  20. Ma H, Shi XC, Hu DY, Li X. The Poor Oral Health Status of Former Heroin Users Treated with Methadone in a Chinese City. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18(4):51–5.
  21. Serrano Sánchez-rey MC, Rubio Ramírez L, López-Pintor Muñoz RM, Alonso Alvarez B. Periodontal Implications of Cannabis Abuse . Review and Clinical. Cient Dent. 2019;16:21–8.
  22. Titsas A, Ferguson MM. Impact of Opioid Use on Dentistry. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(2):94–8.
  23. Karyadi E, Syaifyi A. Ekspresi Kadar umor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Cairan Sulkus Gingiva Pada Penderita Gingivitis (Kajian Pengguna Kontrasepsi Pil, Suntik dan Implan). JIKG. 2019;2(1):1–5.
  24. Keboa MT, Enriquez N, Martel M, Nicolau B, Macdonald ME. Oral Health Implications of Cannabis Smoking: A Rapid Evidence Review. J Can Dent Assoc. 2020;86(2):1–10.
  25. Mederos M, Francia A, Chisini LA, Grazioli G, Andrade E. Influence of Cannabis Use on Periodontal Disease: a Scoping Review. Odontoestomatologia. 2018;20(31):4–15.
  26. Thomson WM, Poulton R, Broadbent JM, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Beck JD, et al. Cannabis Smoking and Periodontal Disease among Young Adults. JAMA. 2008;299(5):525–31.
  27. Sun D, Ye T, Ren P, Yu S. Prevalence and Etiology of Oral Diseases in Drug- Addicted Populations: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2018;11(7):6521–31.
  28. Rommel N, Rohleder NH, Wagenpfeil S, Härtel-Petri R, Jacob F, Wolff KD, et al. The Impact of The New Scene Drug “Crystal Meth†on Oral Health: a Case– Control Study. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;20(3):469–75.
  29. Djou R, Dewi TS. Oral Manifestation Related to Drug Abuse : A Systematic Review. Dentika Dent J. 2019;22(2):44– 51.
  30. Spolsky VW, Clague J, Vivek S. Cohort Study of HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Methamphetamine Users. JAMA - J Am Dent Assoc. 2019;149(7):599–607.
  31. Al Bush MM. An Oral Cavity Profile in Illicit - Drug Abusers? Indian Soc Periodontol. 2019;23(6):517–24.
  32. Saini GK, Gupta ND, Prabhat KC. Drug Addiction and Periodontal Diseases. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(5):587– 91.
  33. Carranza F.A. Newman M.G. Takei H.H. Klokkevold PR. Clinical Periodontology. 13rd ed. California : Elsevier; 2019.
  34. Shetty V, Mooney LJ, Zigler CM, Belin TR, Murphy D, Rawson R. The Relationship Between Methamphetamine Use and Increased Dental Disease. Vol. 141, Journal of the American Dental Association. 2010. p. 307–18.

Lisensi Creative Commons
This work is licensed under a Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
Contact us: Odonto Dental Journal: Jl. Raya Kaligawe Km.4, PO BOX 1054/SM Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 50112. Email: odontodentaljournal@unissula.ac.id
apps